In recent years, the intricate connection between gastrointestinal and mental well-being has emerged as a promising avenue for scientific exploration. Termed the gut-brain axis, the complex communication network between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system has revealed a new frontier in understanding the interplay between one’s gastrointestinal wellbeing and multiple facets of brain function, most notably mental health and cognitive performance. As our understanding of the link between the gut and the brain deepens, the theoretical case for utilizing probiotics to enhance both mental health and cognitive performance grows stronger. Although the evidence for consuming probiotics for mental well-being is still in its infancy, this class of probiotics, commonly referred to as psychobiotics, has firmly captured the attention of both academia and industry. As psychobiotics become an increasingly popular topic of discussion in mainstream media, consumer demand has also rapidly begun to grow. Amazon sales data from ClearCut Analytics¹ showed that whilst the American probiotic market as a whole grew by 18% in 2022, sales of probiotic products marketed for mood support grew by 33%.

In this paper, we delve into some of the key factors driving this consumer demand, and consequently why psychobiotics are a promising investment opportunity for VMHS companies in both the present and future. We provide a quick overview of the current regulatory landscape in some of the largest markets, which depicts a cautiously optimistic outlook for the future. We conclude with some strategic considerations for how manufacturers should position their psychobiotics.

The current state of the evidence

The benefits of consuming probiotics for “gut health”, i.e., helping to prevent and/or alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and/or illnesses, have been well established². What is less well established is how, through the gut-brain axis, many of the same probiotic strains can have positive influences on both an individual’s cognitive performance and mental health. This research is still very much in its infancy. A decade ago, much of the evidence supporting this connection came from animal studies, with limited research conducted in humans. In recent years, however, there has been a notable shift towards human studies, demonstrating progress towards establishing proven psychobiotic effects in individuals. Table 1 summarises some of the most prominent literature reviews restricted to humans only.

Eastwood et. al (2021)³ conducted a systematic review on the effect of administering probiotics on cognition and reported a positive effect in 21/25 studies. Den et. al (2020)⁴ focused their meta-analysis on patients with Alzheimer’s and mild cognitive impairment and found that cognitive performance was greatly improved in both groups. Gambaro et. al (2020)⁵ focused their review instead on the effect on anxiety and depression, demonstrating that probiotics improved depression and anxiety symptoms in 53.83% and 43.75% studies, respectively. Chao. et al (2020)⁶ conducted a meta-analysis of RCTs comparing patients with anxiety or depression against healthy patients. They found probiotics to reduce depression scores for patients with anxiety and/or depression, as well as healthy patients under stress. However, they found no reduction in anxiety symptoms amongst any of these groups. Similarly, El Dib et. al (2021)⁷ found probiotics to improve depression and anxiety symptoms only when certain depression and anxiety indices were used. Finally, Silva et. al (2021)⁸ found probiotics to have a significant effect on depressive symptoms in patients already diagnosed with depression, but not in healthy patients.

Table 1: A selection of recently published literature reviews limited to human studies
*5 studies on young children were excluded due to confounding factors, particularly neurocognitive development being too rapid at this age to see any effect of probiotic intervention

The evidence to date remains mixed, with most reviews concluding that more large scale RCTs are required. And the lack of available RCTs means strain-specific reviews are, to date, unavailable. That being said, most reviews to date conclude on an optimistic note regarding the potential of strains developed specifically for mental wellbeing. The large number of studies demonstrating at least a modest cognitive benefit, combined with the low cost and risk profiles of probiotics, make it a very appealing area to watch for academics, healthcare professionals, and consumers alike.  

Although more evidence will be needed to achieve widespread acceptance in the eyes of both academia and regulators, increased demand for psychobiotics is likely also being driven by the rapidly growing body of evidence of the gut-brain axis in general. Between 2018 and 2022, the number of papers published referencing the gut-brain axis more than doubled from 15,000 to 32,000 (see below).

Figure 1: Number of published articles available on Google Scholar related to the search term “Gut-Brain Axis”

Meanwhile, a 2021 survey by the IFIC (International Food Information Council)⁹ found that the most common reason cited for consuming probiotics was to support gut health (51%), ahead of general health and wellness (38%). Since probiotics are considered almost synonymous with the gut, an increased understanding of the gut-brain axis will likely drive probiotic demand without all consumers demanding causal evidence. Despite the relative novelty of the gut-brain axis in contemporary discourse, the same survey showed that 13% of probiotics consumers already claim to take probiotics for their mood and emotional health.

Mental health, wellness, and choosing a supplement

Demand for psychobiotics is also likely being driven by rapidly increasing prevalence rates of mental health disorders. A 2022 study by Healthy Marketing Team found that mental wellbeing has become the top health trend expected to drive consumer supplement choices¹⁰. The World Health Organisation estimates that approximately 280 million people in the world have depression, a comparable number of people have anxiety, and that both these figures increased by roughly 25% during the COVID-19 pandemic¹¹.

Increased emphasis, awareness and destigmatisation around seeking treatment for mental health issues, particularly in high-income and western markets, may also be driving demand. A 2019 survey by Alight showed that 2,500 US office workers ranked mental health as the second most important aspect of their wellbeing, ahead of physical and social (the number one aspect was financial)¹².

Conversely, mental health still carries a significant stigma in many societies. The simplicity, discretion, and relative affordability of integrating psychobiotics into one’s lifestyle may appeal to those who have been hesitant to explore traditional mental health treatments.

The broader wellness and self-care movements have also heavily contributed to the increase in psychobiotic demand. A 2021 survey by McKinsey of 7500 consumers located in the US, UK, China, Japan, Brazil, and Germany showed an increase in the prioritisation of wellness across all six markets¹³. 42% of respondents considered wellness to be a top priority, and respondents unanimously defined wellness as encompassing both physical and mental health.

Consumers are now more proactive in taking charge of their health and well-being than ever, seeking out products that offer preventive benefits beyond merely addressing symptoms. Additionally, these consumers have shown increased demand for products which they deem ‘natural’, as well as products which can offer multiple health benefits at once. Psychobiotics align perfectly with this trend, offering a proactive and preventive strategy for maintaining both mental and gastrointestinal wellbeing. As psychobiotics are widely available in multiple forms, including supplements, fortified foods, and functional beverages, the ease of incorporating them into one’s daily routine, as well as finding the psychobiotics best suited to one’s own body, is very appealing to those consumers who value wellness.

The current state of the psychobiotic supplement market

As previously mentioned, sales of probiotics marketed for mood grew at 33% on Amazon in the US in 2022, making it the fastest growing segment of the probiotic market. Despite this sharp increase in demand, the market for psychobiotics has a long way to go to catch up to probiotics marketed for gut health. Sales for probiotics with a pure digestive health focus actually experienced a slight decline (-0.2%) in 2022, but remained the largest segment at $130 million, compared to a mere $4.4m for mood-focused probiotics.

We focused our analysis on the US supplement market as it has a uniquely high use of supplements, with 30% of consumers choosing to get their probiotics from supplements rather than natural foods like yogurt (the next closest market was the EU at 14%)¹⁴. Amazon.com provides a good lens through which to analyse the US supplement market, as a survey by Trust Transparency showed that 55% of US consumers purchased their supplements online¹⁵  and Amazon naturally accounts for the lion’s share of those sales. Online supplement sales have also been the fastest growing sector for supplement sales throughout the last decade, which was further accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

A quick analysis of the Amazon marketplace for psychobiotics shows that it is particularly fragmented. Research by Clavis Insights¹⁶ shows that the minimum number of reviews needed for a product on Amazon to be competitive is 21. Of the hundreds of psychobiotics available on Amazon which meet this minimum criterion, the average number of reviews is well below 100. Only three products received over 1,000 reviews, of which the clear market leader is Garden of Life’s “Mood+” with 6000 reviews and over 10,000 bottles sold per month. Figure 2 showcases the current top three highest selling psychobiotics on Amazon, contrasted with four of the most popular probiotics positioned for gut health.

Figure 2: Amazon.com’s best-selling probiotic supplements positioned for both gut and mental health.

Such fragmentation may demonstrate a lack of consumer loyalty (a survey by Accelerate Associates showed that 75% of consumers would be willing to switch supplement brands¹⁷), but the lack of a dominant company or product can also be interpreted as a signal that the market has yet to be ‘won’. The barrier to entry for psychobiotics will be comparatively lower than other probiotic market segments with strong incumbents, and the lack of consumer loyalty means that anyone can currently compete. Finally, fragmented markets offer a greater opportunity for product differentiation. Manufacturers have the ability to tailor their products to specific mental health concerns and carve out a distinct market presence.

One of the more surprising findings is that, despite the comparative lack of evidence for probiotics and mental wellbeing, consumer reviews are largely comparable to the average of probiotics across categories. An examination of consumer reviews by Lumina Intelligence between 2017 and 2020 across 1400+ brands and 25 markets showed an average review of 4.47 stars out of 5 for probiotics positioned for mental wellbeing, as opposed to 4.53 across all probiotics¹⁸.

Analysing the consumer reviews of the top three products on Amazon.com highlights how probiotics align well with the aforementioned trends of holistic health, products with multifaceted benefits, and general wellness, which in turn results in consumer satisfaction.

Where to play

Although official health claims are not the only way to build credibility with consumers, regulatory hurdles have presented the biggest challenge so far for VMHS companies looking to market their probiotic strains as psychobiotics. Nevertheless, our long-term outlook remains positive, as regulatory authorities in certain EU markets, USA, Canada, and Brazil are gradually adapting to the growing scientific evidence and consumer demand for psychobiotics.

The EU has historically been the most reserved. Guidance issued by the European Commission in 2007 on article 1924/2006 stated that the average consumer perceives the term probiotic as “implying a health benefit”, and the phrase “contains probiotics” should therefore require a health claim authorisation. In practice, “contains probiotics” cannot be authorised as a health claim, due to the fact that a health claim requires the phrase to imply a relationship between a food or supplement and a constituent of health, which it lacks (see information published by International Probiotics Association for more details). As a result, European markets have suffered a de facto ban on using the phrase probiotics on their supplement packaging.

As a result of this, and without any further guidance from the commission, multiple EU markets have instead adopted their own approach on the use of the term probiotic and any associated health claims. National guidelines already exist in Italy, Spain, France, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic, whereas many other European countries have been turning a blind eye to using the term probiotic on labels and in communication.

Manufacturers seeking regulatory approval from the EU may also consider a riskier but potentially more lucrative route of marketing the product as a Neuromodulator, making it subject to Regulation 1924/2008. Guidance on this regulation published in 2012 covers some of the scientific requirements for health claims related to the nervous system but does not clearly state the data requirements/study outcomes. More than 50 probiotics have attempted to make claims related to cognition under this regulation, but no claims have been authorised so far. That said, Vitamin B7 was granted the claim “contributes to normal psychological function” in 2010, despite academia not knowing the full extent of the role it plays in the nervous system.

The US has been more liberal so far, offering multiple regulatory routes that manufacturers can take to bring their products to market. Firstly, if a dietary supplement has been on the market since before October 15, 1994, the FDA does not need to be notified about the product. If a manufacturer chooses to submit a health claim, defined as “a product that is intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, and that its intended use affects the structure or any function of the body” then an Investigational New Drug (IND) application needs to be file with the FDA, which requires clinical trials. However, if the manufacturer instead chooses to submit a structure function claim, defined as “the effect that a substance has on the structure or function of the body, which does not make reference to a disease” it does not need to be authorised or reviewed by the FDA. Instead, the manufacturer must cite publicly available literature on human and animal trials which support the truthfulness of the claim.

Finally, two particular cases of encouraging legislation directly related to psychobiotics are Canada (2016) and Brazil (2019), where in both cases strain-specific health claims were approved related to stress and anxiety.

Table 2: Authorised psychobiotic health claims in Canada & Brazil

Positioning your product

So how should manufacturers position new probiotic products? Assuming for simplicity that the strain(s) in question have shown promise in aiding both gut and mental health, there are still a number of strategic considerations which need to be taken into account.

Positioning for gut health offers a mature market, a large evidence base (leading to more regulatory freedom), and high awareness among the general population, at the cost of lower growth and market saturation. Positioning for mental health allows manufacturers to differentiate themselves and tap into a rapidly growing segment. It also may be easier for manufacturers to create a more compelling emotional connection with their consumers, thereby increasing brand loyalty. Nevertheless, the segment has a long way to go to reach the size of the gut health probiotics market. Furthermore, regulatory concerns may limit market access. Some manufacturers may choose to add extra active ingredients to ease regulatory burden, at the cost of complicating the manufacturing process and impacting margins.

There is an opportunity to capitalise on the trend of holistic health by marketing for digestive and mental health simultaneously. As many consumers are beginning to recognize the interconnectedness of various aspects of health, including gut health and emotional well-being, a comprehensive messaging may resonate better with individuals who understand that a healthy gut can positively influence mood (and vice versa) but are unsure what supplements can aid in this process. In theory, a probiotic marketed for both would have a larger addressable market, as it could address the needs of both consumers seeking primarily gut health solutions as well as those prioritising mood enhancement. By highlighting both benefits, a manufacturer can also amplify the perceived effectiveness and therefore value of the supplement. Not only could this be a way to justify a premium price, but also to differentiate a product within the saturated market for probiotics.

The challenge of this strategy lies in the complexity of the messaging required to reach consumers. Consumer understanding of probiotics and the gut-brain axis has a long way to go before it reaches the public eye (like probiotics for gut health has). Choosing not to address the gut-brain axis may lead to consumer confusion due to two seemingly unrelated health claims.  This may in turn increase scepticism of the supplement’s efficacy. Addressing the gut-brain axis requires condensing an increasingly complex field of ongoing research into a language that not only consumers can understand, but which also resonates with them. Whether manufacturers can unlock the aforementioned benefits will therefore depend heavily on their branding and marketing campaigns.

Mapping out the pros and cons of each strategy reveals a complex landscape with no clear winner or one-size-fits-all approach. Each approach has its own set of pros and cons, and the optimal strategy depends on various factors such as available scientific evidence, target audience, market dynamics, and regulatory considerations.

Figure 3: Some potential Pros & Cons of positioning a supplement for gut health, mental health, or both

How we can help

Sector & Segment has extensive experience supporting companies through every stage of launching a new product or campaign. Some of our areas of expertise include:

• Sizing market demand and identifying key client segments
• Conducting digital listening and identifying trends in consumer voices
• Translating consumer insights into improving your product offering, pipeline, and positioning
• Developing a tailored go-to-market strategy
• Concept testing new products or campaigns with consumers and healthcare professionals

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Christopher-James Dewilde, Consultant at

Enzyme supplements have a wide range of health benefits including alleviating digestive issues and boosting immunity. For example, consumers who can’t metabolise lactose in dairy, can take lactase supplements to avoid bloating and diarrhoea. Alternatively, they can help elderly consumers to increase their absorption of key nutrients from foods to prevent malnutrition (or sarcopenia). Malnutrition creates opportunities for infections and diseases, therefore enzymes can be critical for developing robust immunity. This can also apply to consumers keen on wellbeing and fitness since enzymes can increase nutrient absorption from meals and help them to achieve their goals. In short, enzyme supplements come with the promise of significant impacts on consumers, but their value proposition and the correct mode of use needs to be expressed clearly and convincingly.

Without clear communication, consumers can get confused or even get dissuaded from using enzyme supplements. Our research shows that when it comes to enzymes, most consumers are struggling to fully understand their benefits, their mechanism of action, and even how to consume them. This confusion can directly affect consumer perception of whether they are receiving the desired results from these products. We identified three common complexities faced by consumers and also draw inspiration from marketing strategies of successful businesses leveraging the science of enzymes in an increasingly crowded supplements market.

Taking the Pulse of the Consumer Experience around Enzymes

Figure 1: Instagram – “You don’t need digestive enzymes. You are just wasting your money on false claims”

A common hesitation of consumers around using enzyme supplements stems from a general concern about their efficacy. There are two parts to this problem: Firstly, there is limited awareness on how the enzymes work, and secondly there is limited scientific evidence showing health benefits. Consumers struggle to fully understand the benefits of enzymes. While the “good bacteria for gut microbiome” tagline helps put benefits of probiotics in layman’s terms, our research found that the consumer experience is not the same for enzymes. The issue is further complicated when Healthcare Professionals chime in on social media to highlight that there is limited clinical evidence on the effectiveness of enzyme supplements.

Figure 2: Twitter – “I do take lactase enzyme pills, but they don’t work very well. I usually just try to eat cheese in moderation”

Owing primarily to a poor understanding of how enzymes work, consumers struggle to interpret labels on enzyme supplements. Since there are no regulated “daily values” (DV) assigned for enzymes, consumers can make assumptions about the optimal amount and use frequency for enzyme supplements. While some consumers express that they take their enzymes before/after an occasional risky meal, others state that they take them on a daily basis to boost their immunity or to build tolerance. Information such as the source of enzymes and “fillers” used to stabilise capsules are among the key information on the labels confounding consumers. And while some of this information can be found in technical details on the labels, consumers end up lost in the jargon.

Figure 3: Reddit – “Thank you everyone for your input!!!! I have a better overall opinion now due to everyone’s thoughts. I will still use enzymes because they do help me on a daily basis, but they aren’t an excuse to have whatever I want whenever I want. I will try fodzyme perhaps but I know that I cannot lean on that.”

Figure 4: Reddit – “My understanding is that the enzymes, including fodzyme, beano, lactaid, are meant to be used only on the occasional meal.”

Figure 5: Twitter – “I wish it said the individual doses of the ingredients. If it has a huge dose of serrapeptase I know some people have bad reactions to that. It’s up to you. The individual ingredients look good and I like the enteric coating.”

Enzyme supplements are primarily seen as digestive aids by consumers, and this perspective has constrained the expansion of these products to mass clientele. The prospect of expanding the consumer base beyond this segment is further hindered by the technical complexities explained above. Ignoring these concerns can foster uncertainty and consumer distrust.

How Can the Businesses Build Winning Propositions?

Neglecting or miscommunicating the health benefits of enzymes could mean failing to capture otherwise interested consumers. Effective consumer communication is dependent on good consumer research and a clearly defined and scalable consumer segmentation. As part of our research, we identified some ideas and best-practices from firms leveraging the science of enzymes:

Figure 6: Facebook – “It’s Official!”

Figure 7: Wheat Rescue

Figure 08: Facebook – Fodzyme AMA

Figure 9: Reddit – Fodzyme AMA

When consumers find labels confusing to follow, they can miss out on the intended benefits. In absence of scientific evidence and standardised labelling requirements, businesses can evaluate the existing labels to alleviate the confusion over the amount and frequency of use. Addressing this challenge can also mean an opportunity for product development and allow a newcomer to innovate their way into the supplements market. For example, rather than relying on capsules that can be used before or after meals, FODZYMES comes in powder form sachets which is sprinkled over food and consumed with meals.

Reaching New Customer Segments

Businesses have an opportunity to capture additional consumers through clear and direct communication. Each consumer challenge can hold opportunities to win market share from competitors and also to grow the market size by shaping consumer habits. Furthermore, it creates opportunities for product development in ways that address consumer concerns.

Sector & Segment partners with businesses to better understand the challenges and opportunities presented by consumers globally, and build go-to-market strategies accordingly. Our research experience is tailored to capturing the needs to consumers and patients in both consumer health and healthcare spaces, including:

• Segmenting and sizing their consumers by need
• Conducting competitive research to understand best-in-class practices, and
• Delivering primary research with consumers, key decision-makers and healthcare professionals to develop informed marketing strategies.